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The stool pH value is a measure that indicates the acidity or alkalinity in the intestines. It reflects the balance of metabolic processes such as fermentation and protein breakdown. A low stool pH often suggests increased fermentation of complex sugars by intestinal bacteria, which can acidify the stool. Conversely, a high stool pH may result from excessive protein metabolism, leading to the production of ammonia and other compounds that raise the stool’s pH level.

OR7A17 (Olfactory Receptor, Family 7, Subfamily A, Member 17): OR7A17 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the olfactory receptor family, which is involved in detecting odour molecules. This large gene family plays a key role in the sense of smell and the complex signalling pathways related to olfaction.

MEF2C (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C): MEF2C is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in muscle development and neuronal differentiation. It is essential for proper brain development and function, with mutations associated with severe intellectual disability, autistic traits, and epilepsy. In cardiac muscle, MEF2C is vital for heart formation and development, where dysfunctions can lead to congenital heart defects.

GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1): GSTP1 is an enzyme involved in detoxification processes by conjugating reduced glutathione to a variety of both external and internal compounds. Variations in GSTP1 are associated with susceptibility to cancer and other diseases where detoxification plays a key role.

Rose hips are the small, colourful fruits of the wild rose plant, prized for their bright appearance and rich vitamin C content. They are commonly used in culinary dishes and herbal remedies. However, some individuals may experience rose hip intolerance, which can cause discomfort when consuming them.

MYPOP (Myb-related transcription factor partner): MYPOP is a key regulator that interacts with Myb-related transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Similar to MMP15’s role in the extracellular matrix, MYPOP plays a vital part in controlling cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression. Through its influence on transcriptional regulation, MYPOP impacts important physiological functions including tissue development, immune response, and maintenance of homeostasis. Dysregulation of MYPOP has been linked to various pathological conditions, including cancer, developmental disorders, and immune diseases.

ZFPM1 (Zinc Finger Protein, FOG Family Member 1): ZFPM1 is a cofactor that interacts with GATA family transcription factors, playing a key role in the development and differentiation of various cell types, particularly those in the heart and blood. It is essential for the differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages. Mutations or dysregulation of ZFPM1 can affect haematopoiesis, potentially leading to blood disorders. Additionally, its role in cardiac development connects it to congenital heart defects. Research on ZFPM1 aims to enhance understanding of its function within gene regulation networks that govern cell fate decisions, with potential implications for treatments targeting these conditions.

GP2 (Glycoprotein 2): GP2 is a gene that encodes a membrane-bound protein primarily located in the pancreas and involved in immune responses within the gastrointestinal tract. It functions in binding and aggregating bacteria, contributing to the protection of the gut from microbial invasion. Variations in GP2 are researched for their possible associations with pancreatic disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases.

PHF14 (PHD Finger Protein 14): PHF14 is a gene that encodes a protein containing a PHD finger domain. This indicates a role in chromatin-mediated regulation of gene expression. PHF14 may be involved in developmental processes and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of PHF14 has been linked to developmental disorders and various cancers.

RTN4 (Reticulon 4): RTN4 is a protein, also known as Nogo, that plays a key role in regulating nerve fibre growth in the central nervous system. It is significant in the context of spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases, as it can inhibit axon regeneration. RTN4 has been a focus of research aimed at promoting neural repair and regeneration.

POGZ (Pogo Transposable Element Derived with ZNF Domain): POGZ is a protein containing zinc finger domains that plays a crucial role in chromatin remodelling and gene regulation. It is essential for shaping chromatin structure and controlling gene expression. Mutations in POGZ are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasising its importance in brain development and function.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids, most commonly during unprotected sex or needle sharing. Early stages of HIV may show no symptoms, making regular testing important. Although there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy can effectively manage the virus. Prevention strategies include testing, as well as the use of prophylactic medications such as PrEP and PEP. Public health efforts focus on education and reducing stigma.

The stool fat test is a diagnostic procedure that measures the amount of fat present in stool samples. It is employed to evaluate fat absorption and identify malabsorption syndromes. Raised fat levels in stool, referred to as steatorrhoea, can signal digestive or absorption problems within the gastrointestinal tract. This test supports the diagnosis of conditions such as pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, and Crohn’s disease.

CDK6 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6): CDK6 is a protein that, when combined with D-type cyclins, plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle, particularly the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase. It is essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulation of CDK6 has been linked with various cancers, making it a significant target for cancer therapies, especially in tumours exhibiting CDK6 overexpression or abnormal activity.

VCAN (Versican): VCAN is a gene that encodes versican, a large proteoglycan present in the extracellular matrix of tissues. Versican is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and tissue development. It plays a role in maintaining tissue structure and may contribute to processes such as wound healing and embryonic development.

HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor): Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that affects various cells by promoting cell growth, motility, and morphogenesis. It plays a crucial role in liver regeneration as a potent mitogen for hepatocytes and is involved in wound healing and tissue repair. HGF’s capacity to stimulate cell growth and migration also makes it significant in cancer research, where it can influence tumour growth and metastasis. The therapeutic potential of HGF and its inhibitors is a major focus in regenerative medicine and oncology.

STK32A (Serine/Threonine Kinase 32A): STK32A is a gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase — an enzyme that modifies proteins by adding phosphate groups. Such kinases are involved in key cellular processes, including signalling, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. The precise functions of STK32A are still under investigation, with research exploring its role in cell regulation and potential links to diseases such as cancer.

TMEM245 (Transmembrane Protein 245): TMEM245 is a protein found in the cell membrane, although its exact functions are not yet fully understood. It may be involved in processes related to membrane dynamics or intracellular trafficking. Further investigation is required to determine its role in cellular physiology and its potential connections to disease.

STAC (SH3 and Cysteine-Rich Domain): STAC is a protein — specifically STAC3 in humans — that plays a key role in skeletal muscle contraction. It is essential for excitation–contraction coupling, the process that links electrical signals to muscle movement. Mutations in the STAC3 gene can lead to Native American myopathy, a rare congenital condition marked by muscle weakness, skeletal abnormalities, and increased risk of malignant hyperthermia. Studying STAC3 is vital for understanding muscle physiology and related disorders.

UPP1 (Uridine Phosphorylase 1): UPP1 is an enzyme involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway and converts uridine into uracil and ribose-1-phosphate. It plays a crucial role in nucleotide metabolism and supports the synthesis of DNA and RNA as well as other cellular processes. Its activity is particularly important during chemotherapy, as it influences the activation and effectiveness of certain anticancer drugs.

MAT1A (Methionine Adenosyltransferase I, Alpha) is an enzyme that produces S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the body’s primary methyl donor for key metabolic processes. It plays a central role in methionine metabolism, influencing gene regulation, cell growth, and detoxification. Reduced MAT1A activity is linked to liver disorders such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1): ABCA1 is a membrane protein essential for transporting cholesterol and phospholipids from cells to lipid-poor apolipoproteins, forming nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. This reverse cholesterol transport process helps maintain cholesterol balance and supports healthy lipid metabolism. ABCA1 is mainly expressed in the liver and in peripheral tissues such as macrophages, where it aids in cholesterol removal, contributing to cardiovascular protection. Mutations or reduced expression of ABCA1 can disrupt lipid homeostasis and increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

PFKL (Phosphofructokinase, Liver Type): PFKL is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycolysis — the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy. It is vital for glucose metabolism and energy production, particularly in the liver, where it facilitates glucose utilisation and storage.

TSPAN3 (Tetraspanin 3): TSPAN3 encodes a member of the tetraspanin protein family, which plays a role in cell adhesion, signaling, and membrane organization. Tetraspanins are involved in various cellular processes, including immune cell activation and cancer metastasis.

RTL1 (Retrotransposon Like 1): RTL1 is a gene believed to have originated from a retrotransposon and plays a key role in placental development. It exhibits imprinted expression, meaning it is active from only one parental allele. Dysregulation of RTL1 can contribute to disorders associated with genomic imprinting, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Pyruvate is a key compound in cellular metabolism formed as the end product of glycolysis when glucose is broken down. It plays a central role in energy production by entering the citric acid cycle under oxygen-rich conditions. When oxygen is scarce, such as during intense exercise, pyruvate is converted into lactate to support continued ATP (energy) production. Additionally, pyruvate is involved in gluconeogenesis and serves as a precursor for amino acid synthesis.

CTRC (Chymotrypsin C) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in protein digestion within the pancreas. This enzyme helps regulate digestive processes, and mutations in CTRC have been linked to chronic pancreatitis — a condition characterised by persistent inflammation and pancreatic damage. Understanding CTRC is important for studying pancreatic health and related disorders.

Sheep’s milk intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest sheep’s milk, resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms. This intolerance is different from a sheep’s milk allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe reactions. People with sheep’s milk intolerance typically experience digestive discomfort after consuming sheep’s milk or related products.

TMEM132B (Transmembrane Protein 132B): TMEM132B is a membrane-bound protein involved in neuronal signalling and synaptic plasticity. It has been associated with anxiety-related traits and is researched for its potential role in anxiety and mood disorders.

IKZF1 (IKAROS Family Zinc Finger 1): IKZF1 is a gene that encodes a zinc finger transcription factor essential for immune cell development and differentiation, particularly in B cells. Mutations in IKZF1 are common in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), underscoring its key role in haematopoiesis and immune regulation. Its interactions with other genes and its role in maintaining immune balance make it a focus of research in both immunology and oncology.

IL13 (Interleukin 13): IL13 is a cytokine involved in regulating immune responses, particularly in allergic inflammation and asthma. It plays a crucial role in modulating antibody production and managing inflammatory reactions, especially in allergic conditions and protection against parasitic infections.

PFKFB3, or 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3, is an enzyme that plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism, specifically in glycolysis. It regulates the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), a powerful allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1), which is a critical enzyme in glycolysis. By controlling F2,6BP levels, PFKFB3 promotes PFK-1 activity, enhancing the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) and boosting the flow of glucose through the glycolytic pathway.

TRPS1 (Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal Syndrome Type I): TRPS1 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating the growth and development of bone, hair, and connective tissue. Mutations in TRPS1 cause Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal Syndrome, which is marked by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Understanding the function of TRPS1 is essential for diagnosing and managing this syndrome, with ongoing research centred on its role in tissue development and differentiation.

Trout intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting trout, a type of freshwater fish. Unlike a trout allergy, which involves an immune reaction and can provoke severe responses, trout intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. People with this condition usually experience gastrointestinal symptoms after eating trout.

TOMM40 (Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40): TOMM40 is a key protein involved in mitochondrial function, specifically in importing proteins into the mitochondria. As part of the TOM complex, TOMM40 assists in transporting nuclear-encoded proteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane so they can perform essential roles within the mitochondria. Variants of TOMM40 are notably linked to Alzheimer's disease, affecting the risk and age of onset. It has also been associated with other neurodegenerative disorders and age-related cognitive decline.

PON2 (Paraoxonase 2): PON2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme belonging to the paraoxonase family. This enzyme plays a crucial role in detoxification and antioxidant defence, helping to protect the body against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. PON2 is therefore important for cardiovascular health and other conditions related to oxidative stress.

KIAA0825: KIAA0825 is a gene that has been less extensively characterised, with limited information currently available about its function. Genes in the KIAA series were originally identified through large-scale sequencing initiatives and are believed to be involved in various cellular processes and disease mechanisms, although further research is required to fully elucidate their functions.

JAKMIP2 (Janus Kinase And Microtubule Interacting Protein 2): JAKMIP2 is a protein involved in the regulation of Janus kinase (JAK) signalling pathways, which are essential for key cellular processes such as immune function and cell growth. Dysregulation of JAKMIP2 can affect immune responses and may have implications in autoimmune disorders and cancer.

ADRB2 (Adrenoceptor Beta 2): ADRB2 is a gene that encodes the beta-2-adrenergic receptor, a protein involved in the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response. This receptor plays a key role in relaxing smooth muscles in the airways and blood vessels and serves as a target for medications used to treat asthma and COPD. Genetic variations in ADRB2 can influence an individual’s response to these treatments.

PHACTR2 (Phosphatase and Actin Regulator 2): PHACTR2 (Phosphatase and Actin Regulator 2) is a gene involved in regulating key cellular processes, including cell signalling and cytoskeletal dynamics. It encodes a protein that interacts with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and actin, playing a role in organising actin filaments and maintaining cell shape. PHACTR2 is involved in processes such as cell migration and may contribute to neuronal development.

TMC5 (Transmembrane Channel Like 5): TMC5 is a protein that belongs to the TMC family, a group believed to function as ion channels or transporters. Although its exact role remains unclear, TMC5 may contribute to sensory perception or the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Research is ongoing to clarify its function and potential significance to health and disease.

SCGN (Secretagogin): SCGN is a gene that encodes a calcium-binding protein predominantly expressed in neuroendocrine cells. It plays a role in regulating hormone secretion and cellular signalling. SCGN may also contribute to neuroprotective mechanisms and has been studied for its potential involvement in neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease.

NR1H3: NR1H3 is a gene that encodes the liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. It plays a key role in maintaining cholesterol balance and has been linked to the development of atherosclerosis and other metabolic disorders.

TPSB2 (Tryptase Beta 2): TPSB2 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the serine protease family, specifically a type of tryptase. This protein is primarily found in mast cells and plays a role in allergic responses, inflammation, and immune regulation. Elevated TPSB2 levels are associated with allergic reactions and certain mast cell-related disorders.

RAD52 (RAD52 Homologue, DNA Repair Protein): RAD52 is a gene that encodes a protein essential for repairing DNA double-strand breaks, helping maintain genomic stability. It is particularly involved in the homologous recombination repair pathway, which ensures accurate DNA repair during cell division. Defects in RAD52 can contribute to genomic instability, increasing the risk of cancer and certain inherited disorders.

MON1B (Mon1 Homolog B): MON1B is a protein involved in intracellular trafficking and autophagy, two vital processes for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to stress. It plays a role in regulating vesicle transport and is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders.

KIF17 (Kinesin Family Member 17): KIF17 is a motor protein that transports cargo along microtubules, playing a vital role in intracellular transport, particularly in neurons. It is crucial for the anterograde movement of molecules such as NMDA receptors to synaptic sites, affecting synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Dysregulation of KIF17 has been linked to neurological disorders, underscoring its significance in neuronal function and health.

CD36 (Cluster of Differentiation 36): CD36 is a multifunctional protein that serves as a receptor for various ligands, including oxidised LDL, fatty acids, and phospholipids. It plays crucial roles in fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and atherogenesis. CD36’s role in lipid metabolism and its contribution to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome make it a significant focus of medical research.

PLAAT1 (Phospholipase A And Acyltransferase 1): PLAAT1 is an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, specifically in the remodelling of phospholipids within cell membranes. Although its exact physiological functions are not fully understood, PLAAT1 may play a role in cell signalling and membrane dynamics, with possible associations to metabolic and inflammatory processes.

KIF2B (Kinesin Family Member 2B): KIF2B is a protein that plays a crucial role in microtubule dynamics, which are essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. As a member of the kinesin motor protein family, KIF2B is important for intracellular transport and cell movement. Dysfunction of KIF2B can result in mitotic errors and may have potential implications in cancer.

MAP3K1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1): MAP3K1 is a crucial component of the MAPK signalling pathway, which regulates vital cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and stress response. Mutations in MAP3K1 can contribute to developmental disorders and are linked to various types of cancer.

Leucine is an essential amino acid that plays a vital role in muscle building and repair. It helps the body produce proteins and supports muscle recovery and energy production. Leucine is found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, and is particularly important for athletes and bodybuilders.

CATSPER2 (cation channel, sperm-associated 2): CATSPER2 is vital for sperm motility and fertility, as it forms part of the calcium channel complex in sperm required for the hyperactivated motility essential for fertilisation. Mutations in CATSPER2 can result in male infertility due to impaired sperm function. Research into CATSPER2 offers insights into reproductive health and potential targets for contraception or infertility treatment.

Chloride is an anion (negatively charged ion) made up of chlorine atoms and is a naturally occurring component of many water sources. It originates from the dissolution of chloride-containing salts, such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride, in the Earth’s crust. Chloride is commonly found in both fresh and saltwater, and its concentration can vary depending on geological and environmental factors.

RBFOX1 (RNA Binding Fox-1 Homolog 1): RBFOX1 is an RNA-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating alternative splicing. It affects the diversity and function of mRNA transcripts in the nervous system and skeletal muscle. By targeting a wide range of pre-mRNAs, RBFOX1 modulates splicing patterns to control gene expression vital for neuronal development, synaptic function, and muscle cell differentiation. Proper RBFOX1 activity is essential for the development of the central nervous system, and its dysregulation has been associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders.

Onion intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest onions, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an onion allergy, which triggers an immune response, onion intolerance mainly causes digestive symptoms following onion consumption.

GJA10 (Gap Junction Protein Alpha 10): GJA10 is a gene that encodes a connexin protein forming gap junction channels for the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between cells. This communication supports tissue homeostasis and coordinated cell activity. In the eye, GJA10 helps maintain lens transparency and function, and mutations have been associated with cataracts and other vision disorders.

XYLT1 (Xylosyltransferase 1): XYLT1 is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans, essential components of the extracellular matrix. It catalyses the addition of xylose to specific serine residues, a crucial step in forming connective tissues. Mutations in XYLT1 can cause skeletal and connective tissue disorders, highlighting its significance in tissue development and maintenance.

RSU1 (Ras Suppressor Protein 1): RSU1 is a protein that interacts with key signalling molecules, including Ras. It plays an important role in regulating cell adhesion and motility, contributing to various cell signalling pathways. RSU1 may also have implications in cancer progression and metastasis.

MAP7 (Microtubule-Associated Protein 7): MAP7 is a protein involved in stabilising microtubules and interacting with motor proteins. It influences cell movement and organisation and plays a role in processes such as mitosis and intracellular transport. MAP7 is important for maintaining cellular structure and dynamics.

RRAGC (Ras Related GTP Binding C): RRAGC is a member of the small GTPase family and plays a key role in amino acid sensing and mTOR signalling. This gene is important for regulating cellular growth, proliferation, and metabolism. Dysregulation of RRAGC can affect cellular energy balance and has been associated with metabolic disorders.

PKD2L2 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the polycystin family, associated with calcium channel activity and cellular signalling. While its exact role in kidney function or disease is not fully understood, PKD2L2 may influence calcium homeostasis and broader cellular signalling processes.

KAT2B (Lysine Acetyltransferase 2B): KAT2B, also known as PCAF, encodes an enzyme involved in histone acetylation, a process essential for regulating gene expression. It contributes to DNA repair, cell cycle control, and apoptosis, and plays a key role in transcription regulation and chromatin remodelling. KAT2B has been linked to cancer development and certain developmental disorders.

FAM53A (Family With Sequence Similarity 53 Member A): FAM53A is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and may have a role in cell development and differentiation. Although its function has been less extensively studied, it appears to be essential for normal cellular functions and potentially for maintaining cell integrity. Ongoing research seeks to clarify its exact roles and how disruptions in its regulation might affect disease processes, such as cancer and developmental disorders.

PROX1 (Prospero Homeobox 1): PROX1 is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression and is involved in key developmental processes. It plays a central role in lymphatic vessel formation, liver development, and cell fate determination. In the lymphatic system, PROX1 acts as a master regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation and maintenance.

SOX2, short for SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box 2, is a key transcription factor involved in embryonic development, stem cell pluripotency, and tissue homeostasis. Located mainly in the cell nucleus, SOX2 regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling target gene activity. It plays a major role in maintaining stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal, working alongside other transcription factors like OCT4 and NANOG to form a core network that preserves the undifferentiated state of embryonic stem cells.

MPHOSPH6 (M-Phase Phosphoprotein 6): MPHOSPH6 is a protein involved in regulating the cell cycle, particularly during mitosis. It plays a vital role in ensuring proper cell division and has been studied in the context of cancer, where disruptions in cell cycle control are a common feature.

SEMA4B (Semaphorin 4B): SEMA4B is a gene that encodes an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins, which contain the amino acid selenocysteine. Predominantly located in the cytoplasm, SEPHS1 plays a key role in selenium metabolism by producing selenophosphate, the activated form of selenium required for selenocysteine incorporation into proteins. Through this activity, SEPHS1 supports the proper synthesis of selenoproteins, which are important for various cellular processes and overall cellular health.

AQP10 (Aquaporin 10): AQP10 is a member of the aquaporin family of water channels, involved in the transport of water and small solutes across cell membranes. It is primarily expressed in the intestine and contributes to water absorption and gastrointestinal function. While its precise physiological roles are still being studied, AQP10 likely helps maintain water and electrolyte balance, with potential relevance to gastrointestinal health and disorders.

Lime intolerance refers to a sensitivity that some individuals have towards lime, a citrus fruit known for its sharp flavour. While lime is commonly used in various cuisines and drinks for its refreshing taste and health benefits, intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and other adverse reactions in certain people.

MYC (MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor): MYC is a well-known oncogene that plays a central role in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and cellular transformation. As a transcription factor, it controls the expression of numerous genes involved in key cellular processes. Overexpression of MYC is common in many cancers, making it a major focus of oncology research. Understanding MYC regulation and its pathways is critical for developing targeted cancer therapies, as its dysregulation contributes to tumour growth, progression, and treatment resistance.

SCNN1A (Sodium Channel Epithelial 1 Subunit Alpha): SCNN1A is a gene that encodes the alpha subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which regulates sodium balance and fluid homeostasis in tissues such as the lungs, kidneys, and colon. This subunit is essential for ENaC’s assembly, localisation, and function, enabling sodium absorption that supports blood pressure, fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. Mutations in SCNN1A can alter channel activity and are linked to conditions such as pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1), a disorder affecting salt regulation.

Citrus mix allergy refers to an allergic reaction to a combination of citrus fruits without specifying individual types. This category often includes oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and may also involve tangerines, pomelos, and related varieties. The reaction is triggered by proteins common to these fruits, which can cause a range of allergy symptoms.

Banana intolerance refers to a non-allergic reaction to bananas, a widely eaten and nutritious fruit. Unlike banana allergies, which provoke an immune response to specific banana proteins, intolerance usually arises from difficulties in digesting certain components of the fruit.

Pineapple intolerance refers to the body’s difficulty in digesting certain components of the pineapple fruit, leading to adverse reactions or symptoms after consumption. Unlike pineapple allergies, it does not involve the immune system’s response to specific proteins but is related to digestive sensitivity.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a common mould found in soil, decaying organic matter, and sometimes indoor environments. It is a notable allergen that can trigger respiratory conditions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in susceptible individuals, especially those with asthma or cystic fibrosis.

RAB28 (Ras-Related Protein Rab-28): RAB28 is a member of the RAB family of small GTPases, proteins involved in regulating intracellular vesicle trafficking. RAB28 contributes to vesicle transport and membrane dynamics within the cell.

MTX1 (Metaxin 1): MTX1 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in mitochondrial transport and organisation. This protein helps maintain proper mitochondrial positioning and function, which is essential for energy production and overall cellular processes.

SRPK2 (SRSF Protein Kinase 2): SRPK2 is a kinase involved in the phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich proteins, which are components of the spliceosome. It plays a crucial role in regulating alternative splicing and gene expression. SRPK2 is important for neuronal function and may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases by influencing splicing regulation. Current research investigates SRPK2’s role in conditions such as Alzheimer’s and its potential as a therapeutic target.

POU3F3 (POU Class 3 Homeobox 3): POU3F3 is a member of the POU family of transcription factors, involved in regulating gene expression during nervous system development. It plays a key role in the differentiation and maintenance of neural progenitor cells, influencing the formation of various brain regions. Mutations or dysregulation of POU3F3 have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders and may contribute to certain psychiatric conditions.

CCBE1 (Collagen and Calcium Binding EGF Domains 1): CCBE1 is a gene essential for lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels. It regulates vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), a key factor in the development of the lymphatic system. Mutations in CCBE1 can cause Hennekam syndrome, a rare disorder characterised by lymphoedema, lymphangiectasia, and intellectual disability.

SPATA5 (Spermatogenesis-Associated 5) is a gene involved in spermatogenesis, the process of sperm development. It plays a crucial role in male fertility by supporting proper sperm formation. Mutations in SPATA5 have been associated with fertility issues and male infertility.

HLA-DQA1 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ Alpha 1 Chain): HLA-DQA1 is a key component of the MHC class II molecule complex. It plays an essential role in the immune system by presenting peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells. This function is critical for triggering the adaptive immune response against pathogens. Variations in the HLA-DQA1 gene are linked to susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease, highlighting its importance in immune regulation and disease risk.

MYH15 (Myosin Heavy Chain 15): MYH15 is a gene that encodes a myosin heavy chain protein, primarily expressed in skeletal muscle. Myosins are motor proteins essential for muscle contraction and cellular movement. Although the specific functions of MYH15 are still being researched, it may play a role in muscle development and overall muscle function.

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): ALT is an enzyme predominantly found in the liver, where it assists in protein metabolism. When liver cells are damaged or inflamed, ALT is released into the bloodstream, causing its levels to rise. Measuring ALT is a common method to assess liver health, as elevated levels may indicate liver injury or disease, while normal levels generally signify normal liver function.

MCPH1 (Microcephalin 1): MCPH1 is a gene that plays a crucial role in brain development, particularly in regulating brain size. It is involved in the DNA damage response and cell cycle control. Mutations in MCPH1 can result in microcephaly, emphasising its significant role in neurodevelopment.

Lobster and Pacific squid are seafood delicacies enjoyed by many but can cause allergic reactions in some individuals. These allergies may lead to symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe, potentially life-threatening reactions. Recognising and managing allergies to lobster and Pacific squid is important for those at risk.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut bacterium that supports the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa and a healthy gut lining. It is linked to beneficial metabolic and immune effects and may play an important role in gut health, weight management, and overall well-being.

White pine trees are conifers with long, slender needles and can contribute to pollen-related allergies. Although their pollen is less potent than that of some other trees, it may still cause symptoms in sensitive individuals, especially during peak pollen levels in spring.

Camembert cheese intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest Camembert cheese, a soft and creamy cheese with a distinctive flavour. Unlike a Camembert cheese allergy, which triggers an immune response and potentially severe reactions, intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort after consuming Camembert cheese or foods containing it.

TMEM116 (Transmembrane Protein 116): TMEM116 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein involved in various cellular processes. Although its specific function remains under investigation, TMEM116 is believed to play a role in cellular transport and signalling pathways, including membrane dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and ion channel regulation. Emerging research indicates it may contribute to cellular homeostasis and intracellular communication, and dysregulation of TMEM116 could affect several physiological processes.

Gliadin intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting gliadin, a protein found in gluten-containing grains such as wheat, barley, and rye. This condition can cause digestive discomfort. Unlike a gliadin allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe reactions, gliadin intolerance primarily results in gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming gluten-containing foods.

PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma): PPARG is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in fatty acid storage, glucose metabolism, and adipocyte differentiation. It plays a central role in insulin sensitivity and is targeted by thiazolidinediones, a class of antidiabetic drugs. Its involvement in metabolic pathways makes it an important gene in the study of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

SERPINE2 (Serpin Family E Member 2): SERPINE2 is a serine protease inhibitor, also known as protease nexin-1, which plays a key role in regulating proteolytic pathways in the body. It is involved in tissue remodelling, fibrinolysis, and neuronal growth, and helps inhibit enzymes such as thrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which are important for blood clotting and tissue repair. Dysregulation of SERPINE2 has been linked to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, emphasising its importance in maintaining tissue integrity and function.

OAT (Ornithine Aminotransferase): OAT is a gene that encodes the ornithine aminotransferase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in the urea cycle. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of ornithine to citrulline, assisting the body in detoxifying ammonia. Mutations in OAT can disrupt this process, resulting in hyperammonaemia — a condition characterised by elevated blood ammonia levels that can impact neurological function.

LRRC42 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 42): LRRC42 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family, characterised by repeating sequences rich in leucine residues. Predominantly located in the cytoplasm or on the cell membrane, LRRC42 is involved in cellular processes such as signal transduction, protein-protein interactions, and cell adhesion. Its LRR domains serve as interaction interfaces, enabling LRRC42 to bind specific partner proteins and participate in diverse cellular pathways.

KIAA1109: KIAA1109 is a gene linked to a variety of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Although its precise function is not fully known, it is believed to play a crucial role in immune regulation and the body’s inflammatory responses. Researching KIAA1109 is vital for understanding the genetic foundations of autoimmune disorders and for informing the development of targeted treatments.

LRRC6 (Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing Protein 6): LRRC6 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the structure of cilia within cells. Cilia play a crucial role in cellular movement and signalling. Mutations in LRRC6 can cause ciliopathies, a group of genetic disorders characterised by ciliary dysfunction and a range of clinical symptoms.

HMGCS2 (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase 2): HMGCS2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the production of ketone bodies — alternative energy sources produced during fasting or low-carbohydrate conditions. It plays a key role in energy metabolism and is primarily expressed in the liver.

NFKBIE (NF-Kappa-B Inhibitor Epsilon): NFKBIE is a gene that encodes a key regulator of the NF-kappa-B pathway, which plays an important role in immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. It functions by inhibiting NF-kappa-B activity, helping to control the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory processes. Dysregulation of NFKBIE has been associated with autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and cancer, emphasising its role in immune regulation and disease development.